1. The injuries caused by mechanical accidents mainly include the following types
1. Injuries caused by mechanical equipment parts and components rotating. For example, gears, support pulleys, pulleys, chucks, shafts, feed rods, lead screws, supply shaft joints and other parts in machinery and equipment are all rotating. The main forms of personal injury caused by rotating motion are twisting and object blow injury.
2. Injuries caused by the parts and components of mechanical equipment moving in a straight line. Such as forging hammer, punch, cutting sheet. The pressing parts of the machine, the head of the planer, the bed surface of the gantry bed, the large and small trolleys of the bridge crane, and the lifting structure, etc., all move in a straight line. Injury accidents caused by parts and components for linear transportation mainly include crushing, smashing and crushing.
3. Injuries caused by knives. For example, the turning tool on the lathe, the milling cutter on the milling machine, the drill bit on the drilling machine, the grinding wheel on the grinding machine, the saw blade on the sawing machine, etc. are all tools for processing parts. The injuries caused by the tool when processing parts mainly include burns, stab wounds, and cuts.
4. Injuries caused by processed parts. In the process of processing parts, mechanical equipment may cause personal injury. This type of injury accidents mainly include: ①The processed parts are not fixed firmly and are thrown out to injure people. For example, if the chuck of a lathe is not firmly clamped, the workpiece will be thrown out and injure people when it is rotating. ②The parts to be processed may cause injuries during hoisting, loading and unloading.
5. Damage caused by electrical system. Most of the mechanical equipment used in the factory is powered by electric energy, so each mechanical equipment has its own electrical system. It mainly includes motors, distribution boxes, switches, buttons, local lighting, and zero (ground) and feeder wires. The injury caused by the electrical system to people is mainly electric shock.
6. Injuries caused by hand tools.
7. Other injuries. In addition to the various injuries mentioned above, mechanical equipment may also cause other injuries. For example, when some mechanical equipment is used, it is accompanied by strong light and high temperature, and some emit chemical energy, radiation energy, and dust poisonous substances, etc., which may cause harm to the human body.
2. What are the basic safety requirements for mechanical equipment?
The basic safety requirements for mechanical equipment are mainly:
1. The layout of mechanical equipment should be reasonable, and it should be convenient for operators to load and unload workpieces, observe processing and remove debris; at the same time, it should be convenient for maintenance personnel to inspect and maintain.
2. The strength and rigidity of parts and components of mechanical equipment should meet the safety requirements, the installation should be firm, and failures should not occur frequently.
3. According to the relevant safety requirements, the mechanical equipment must be equipped with reasonable, reliable safety devices that do not affect the operation. For example:
(1) Safety protection devices such as protective covers, protective baffles, and protective railings should be installed for parts and components that perform rotating movements to prevent strangulation.
(2) For parts and components that may cause dangerous accidents such as overpressure, overload, overtemperature, overtime, overstroke, etc., safety devices should be installed, such as overload limiters, stroke limiters, safety valves, temperature relays, time Breakers, etc., so that when a dangerous situation occurs, the dangerous situation will be eliminated due to the function of the safety device to prevent accidents.
(3) When it is necessary to warn or remind people of certain actions, signal devices or warning signs should be installed. Sound signals such as electric bells, horns, buzzers, etc., as well as various light signals, various warning signs, etc., all belong to this type of safety device.
(4) Interlocking devices should be installed for some parts and components whose action sequence cannot be reversed. That is to say, a certain action can only be performed after the previous action is completed, otherwise it is impossible to perform the action. This ensures that accidents will not occur due to the wrong sequence of actions.
4. The electrical devices of mechanical equipment must meet the requirements of electrical safety, mainly as follows:
(1) The wires for power supply must be installed correctly without any damage or exposed copper.
(2) The insulation of the motor should be good, and its wiring board should be protected by a cover to prevent direct contact.
(3) Switches, buttons, etc. should be intact, and their live parts should not be exposed.
(4) There should be a good grounding or zero connection device, and the connected wires should be firm and there must be no disconnection.
(5) Local lighting should use 36V voltage, and it is forbidden to use 110V or 220V voltage.
5. The control handles and foot switches of mechanical equipment should meet the following requirements:
(1) Important handles are to have reliable positioning and locking devices. Coaxial handles should have a noticeable difference in length.
(2) The hand wheel can be disengaged from the rotating shaft during maneuvering, so as to prevent personnel from being injured by rotating with the shaft.
(3) The foot switch should have a protective cover or be hidden in the concave part of the bed, so as to prevent the dropped parts and components from falling on the switch, starting the mechanical equipment and hurting people.
(6) The working site of mechanical equipment should have a good environment, that is, the illumination should be suitable, the humidity and temperature should be moderate, the noise and vibration should be small, and the parts and fixtures should be placed neatly. Because it can make the operator feel comfortable and concentrate on his work.
(7) Each mechanical equipment should formulate safety operating procedures and inspection, lubrication, maintenance and other systems according to its performance and operating sequence, so that the operator can abide by it.
3. What are the common protective devices in machining workshops? What are their main functions?
Common protective devices in machining workshops include protective covers, protective baffles, protective railings and protective nets. Protective devices must be installed on dangerous parts such as transmission belts of mechanical equipment, open gears close to the ground, rotating shafts, pulleys, flywheels, grinding wheels and chainsaws. There must be safety devices for the spinning parts of pressure machines such as presses, rolling machines, calenders, electric planers, and shearing machines. Guards are used to isolate exposed rotating parts such as pulleys, gears, sprockets, rotating shafts, etc. The protective baffle and protective net have two forms: fixed and movable, which play the role of isolating and shielding metal chips from splashing. Protective railings are used to prevent people working at heights from falling or to delineate safe areas. Generally speaking, the forms of protective devices mainly include fixed protective devices, interlocking protective devices and automatic protective devices.
4. What are the safety management regulations for mechanical equipment operators?
To ensure that mechanical equipment does not cause work-related accidents, not only the mechanical equipment itself must meet the safety requirements, but more importantly, the operator is required to strictly abide by the safety operating procedures. Of course, the safety operation rules of mechanical equipment vary in content due to different types, but the basic safety rules are:
1. Wear personal protective equipment correctly. What should be worn must be worn, and what should not be worn must not be worn. For example, female workers are required to wear protective caps during mechanical processing. If they do not wear them, their hair may be twisted in. At the same time, it is required not to wear gloves. If you wear them, the rotating part of the machine may twist the gloves in and hurt your hands.
2. Before operation, it is necessary to conduct a safety inspection of the mechanical equipment, and it must be run empty, and it can only be put into operation after it is confirmed to be normal.
3. Machinery and equipment should also undergo safety inspections in accordance with regulations during operation. Especially for fastened objects to see if they are loose due to vibration, so that they can be re-tightened.
4. It is strictly forbidden to operate the equipment with faults, and it must not be used in improvise to prevent accidents.
5. The mechanical safety device must be used correctly according to the regulations, and it must not be removed and not used.
6. The knives, fixtures and processed parts used in mechanical equipment must be firmly installed and not loosened.
7. When the mechanical equipment is in operation, it is strictly forbidden to adjust it by hand; it is also not allowed to measure parts by hand, or to lubricate, clean up sundries, etc. If necessary, the mechanical equipment should be shut down first.
8. When the mechanical equipment is running, the operator is not allowed to leave the job, in case there is no one to deal with the problem.
9. After the work is finished, the switch should be turned off, the tool and the workpiece should be withdrawn from the working position, and the work site should be cleaned up, the parts, fixtures, etc. should be placed neatly, and the mechanical equipment should be cleaned.
5. How to prevent industrial accidents in metal cold processing workshops?
There are many kinds of machine tools in metal cold processing workshops. As long as the workplace is properly arranged, necessary protective devices and safety devices are installed, and safety operating procedures are strictly followed, industrial accidents can be effectively prevented.
Machine tool layout requirements:
1. Do not throw out parts or chips to hurt people.
2. The operator will not be dazzled by direct sunlight.
3. It is convenient to carry finished products, semi-finished products and clean metal chips.
4. Safe passages should be set up in the workshop so that personnel and vehicles can travel unimpeded.
Guard requirements:
1. Protective cover: isolate the exposed rotating parts.
2. Protective railing. The machine tool parts that are easy to hurt people during operation, and the machine tools that are not operated on the ground, should be equipped with protective railings with a height of not less than 1m.
3. Protective baffle: prevent grinding debris, chips and coolant from splashing.
Safety device requirements:
1. Overload safety device: automatically disengage or stop when overloaded.
2. Travel safety device: the moving parts can automatically stop or return when they reach the predetermined position.
3. Sequential action interlocking device: Before an action is completed, the next action cannot be performed.
4. Accident interlocking device: When the power is suddenly cut off, the compensation mechanism can act immediately or the machine tool will stop.
5. Braking device: avoid unloading and unloading workpieces while the machine tool is rotating; in the event of a sudden accident, it can stop the machine tool in time.
6. What safety precautions should car workers pay attention to?
The safety items that car workers should pay attention to are:
1. Wear tight protective clothing and keep the cuffs open; wear a protective cap for long hair; do not wear gloves during operation.
2. Loading and unloading the chuck on the spindle of the machine tool must be done after the machine is stopped, and the power of the motor cannot be used to take the chuck.
3. It is best to use a protective cover for the protruding parts of the chuck, dial, and heart clip that hold the workpiece, so as not to twist the clothes or other parts of the body. If there is no protective cover, pay attention to leaving when operating, and do not get too close .
4. When using the top to clamp the workpiece, it should be noted that the top and the center hole should be exactly the same. Damaged or skewed tops should not be used. Before use, the top and center hole should be wiped clean, and the top of the rear tailstock should be firmly supported.
5. When turning slender workpieces, to ensure safety, a center frame or a tool rest should be used, and the part that grows out of the lathe should be marked.
6. When turning workpieces with irregular shapes, a balance block should be installed, and the balance should be tested before cutting.
7. The tool clamping should be firm, and the protruding part of the tool head should not exceed 1.5 times the height of the tool body. The shape and size of the gasket under the tool should be consistent with the shape and size of the tool body. The gasket should be as few as possible and flat. .
8. For the strip-shaped chips and spiral-shaped long chips that have been cut, the hooks should be used to remove them in time, and it is forbidden to pull them by hand.
9. In order to prevent the broken chips from hurting people, a transparent baffle should be installed at a suitable position.
10. Except for the measuring tools that are automatically measured during operation on the lathe, the workpiece should be stopped to measure and the tool holder should be moved to a safe position.
11. When grinding the surface of the workpiece with emery cloth, move the tool to a safe position, and be careful not to let your hands and clothes touch the surface of the workpiece.
12. When grinding the inner hole, do not use your fingers to support the emery cloth, use a wooden stick instead, and the speed of the vehicle should not be too fast.
13. It is forbidden to put tools, fixtures or workpieces on the lathe bed and spindle gearbox.
7. What safety precautions should milling workers pay attention to?
The safety matters that millers should pay attention to are:
1. At the beginning of cutting, the milling cutter must be fed slowly to the workpiece, and there must be no impact phenomenon, so as not to affect the accuracy of the machine tool or damage the cutting edge of the tool.
2. The processed workpiece should be leveled and clamped tightly to avoid loosening and causing accidents during the work process.
3. When adjusting the speed and direction, and correcting the workpiece and tools, it is necessary to stop the machine.
4. Gloves should not be worn when working.
5. Use a brush to remove chips on the bed at any time, and stop the machine to remove chips on the milling cutter.
6. After the milling cutter is blunt, it should be stopped to sharpen or change the tool. Before stopping, the cutter should be retracted. When the cutter has not completely left the workpiece, do not stop.
8. What safety precautions should planer workers pay attention to?
The safety matters that planer workers should pay attention to are:
1. The planer should be clamped tightly. There should be a certain gap between the blade and the workpiece before work. The first time the knife should not be too deep, in order to prevent the blade from being damaged or hurting people.
2. It is not allowed to stand directly in front of the planer during operation, let alone bow your head in front of the planer to check the work.
3. Adjust the stroke of the machine tool and tighten the bolts that control the stroke.
4. Install an upright cylindrical protective baffle that can be turned up around the planer table.
5. Concentrate chip cleaning in the special chip cutter. So as not to cut and stab the feet.
9. What safety precautions should grinder workers pay attention to?
The safety matters that grinder workers should pay attention to are:
1. Before driving, it is necessary to check whether the device of the workpiece is correct, whether the fastening is reliable, and whether the magnetic chuck is normal, otherwise, it is not allowed to drive.
2. When driving, use manual adjustment to leave a proper gap between the grinding wheel and the workpiece, and start with a small amount of feed to prevent the grinding wheel from cracking.
3. Measuring the workpiece or adjusting the machine tool and cleaning work should be carried out after parking.
4. In order to prevent the debris from hurting people when the grinding wheel is damaged, the grinding machine must be equipped with a protective cover, and grinding with a grinding wheel without a protective cover is prohibited.
10. What safety precautions should drillers pay attention to?
The safety matters that drillers should pay attention to are:
1. It is not allowed to wear gloves to operate, and it is strictly forbidden to remove iron filings by hand.
2. The head should not be too close to the drilling machine, and a hat must be worn when working.
3. Before drilling, the worktable must be tightened first, and the rocker arm of the radial drilling machine should also be tightened before drilling.
4. When starting to drill and the workpiece is about to drill through, do not use too much force.
11. What are the main contents of stamping safety operation regulations?
When operating on stamping equipment, operators should abide by the following safety operating procedures:
1. Before starting the operation, it is necessary to carefully check whether the protective device is intact and whether the clutch brake device is flexible, safe and reliable. All unnecessary objects on the workbench should be cleaned up to prevent the vibration from falling onto the foot switch during work, causing the punch to start suddenly and cause an accident.
2. When flushing small workpieces, do not use your hands. There should be special tools, and it is best to install an automatic feeding device.
3. The operator must be careful when controlling the foot switch. When loading and unloading workpieces, the foot should leave the foot switch. It is strictly forbidden for outsiders to stay around the foot switch.
4. If the workpiece is stuck in the mold, use special tools to take it out, do not hold it by hand, and remove your feet from the pedal.
12. What safety precautions should fitters pay attention to?
The safety matters that fitters should pay attention to are:
1. The tools used by the fitter must be checked before use.
2. Barbed wire protective nets should be set up on the fitter's workbench. When chiseling, pay attention to the safety of the staff on the opposite side. It is strictly forbidden to use high-speed steel as chisels.
3. When sawing the workpiece with a hand saw, the saw blade should be properly tightened to prevent the saw blade from breaking and hurting people.
4. When using a sledgehammer, you must pay attention to the front, rear, left and right, and up and down environmental conditions. It is strictly forbidden to stand people within the movement range of the sledgehammer.
5. In multi-layer
Or cross-operation, should pay attention to wear helmets, and pay attention to obey the unified command.
6. After the equipment is overhauled, all safety protection devices, safety valves and various sound and light signals must be restored to their normal state.
13. How to prevent industrial accidents in metal thermal processing workshops?
The production characteristics of the metal thermal processing workshop are that there are many production processes and a large amount of lifting and transportation. During the production process, it is easy to generate high temperature, toxic gas and dust, which deteriorates the working environment, so it is prone to industrial accidents. Therefore, metal thermal processing workshops must take some effective safety measures:
1. Select furnace materials to prevent explosives from being mixed in. The materials put in must be fully dry; the added alloys must be preheated.
2. When the molten metal comes out of the furnace, an electric, pneumatic or hydraulic plugging mechanism or a rotary forehearth should be used.
3. Strict measures should be taken in the pit to prevent the infiltration of groundwater and surface water.
4. The container of molten metal must meet the manufacturing quality standards; the molten metal in the ladle cannot be overfilled.
5. The forging hammer should be operated by a manipulator or a manipulator to prevent hot forging scales from flying out and hurting people; an isolation protective cover should be installed in front of the operator and the air hammer driver to prevent burns and heat insulation.
6. Tools and workpieces must be preheated before being put into the heat treatment salt furnace, and railings or protective covers should be set up around the quenching oil pool.
7. The welding operation site should be isolated or properly shielded, and the shielding material should not be metal surface.
In addition, the workshop should have safe passages, and the ground should be flat and not slippery, and ensure smooth flow. The workshop should have sufficient lighting and lighting, and the design of the workshop should be suitable for mechanical ventilation and natural ventilation. Under the premise of not affecting production and transportation, each process and each post should be isolated from each other as much as possible, and equipment that is prone to unsafe factors should also be isolated if necessary, and safety railings or guard nets should be set up. Workers in metal thermal processing workshops must be equipped with necessary protective equipment such as hard hats, protective glasses, and protective shoes.
14. What safety precautions should steel workers pay attention to?
The safety matters that steel workers should pay attention to are:
1. It is forbidden to add wet raw materials, scrapped weapons, etc. into the furnace as scrap steel, so as not to cause an explosion. Molten steel and red slag must not be poured into wet steel drums, steel slag ladles or wet ground.
2. In order to prevent splashing and explosion accidents during smelting, be careful not to add excessive oxidants and not to stir the molten steel violently.
3. Do not fill the molten steel ladle too full, and strictly abide by the operating procedures when lifting and transporting by car to prevent ladle overturning accidents.
4. In case of leakage of furnace, leakage of package, interruption of circulating water or water leakage in the furnace, corresponding safety measures shall be taken immediately.
5. You must wear labor protection equipment, and those who do not wear labor protection equipment are not allowed to work on the job.
15. What safety precautions should casting workers pay attention to?
The safety matters that casters should pay attention to are:
1. The casting place and pit must be kept dry without water, so as to avoid splashing of molten iron and hurting people.
2. The tools used such as tongs, fire rods, hooks, etc. should be preheated.
3. The molten iron in the bag should not be too full. When lifting the bag, do not lift it sideways or stop suddenly, and coordinate and cooperate.
4. Before casting, the pressure iron of the upper and lower boxes of the sand mold should be pressed firmly, or clamped with screws, and the riser should be checked to open the air passage.
5. Do not look at the riser from the front when casting, and bleed air in time to prevent gas explosion in the mold.
6. When casting, irrelevant personnel are not allowed to approach. Wear protective glasses when looking at the freshly cast crater.
16. What safety precautions should forge workers pay attention to?
The safety matters that forge workers should pay attention to are:
1. Clamps must be used to take and deliver molds, punches, shims, etc. on the anvil, and hands are strictly prohibited.
2. When operating manually, the sledgehammers must cooperate with each other. It is strictly forbidden to walk or work within 2-5m behind the sledgehammer.
3. When cutting the metal blank, pay attention to light tapping to prevent the cut material from flying out and hurting people. The handle of the forceps should not face the abdomen.
4. When the steam hammer is started, it is not allowed to hit the hammer empty, not to measure the size of the work object, and not to allow any part of the human body to enter the stroke of the hammer head. When checking or repairing, the hammer head must be fixed. Note that flammable items are not allowed to be stored near the heating furnace.
17. What injuries may occur in welding production?
During the welding process, welders are often exposed to flammable and explosive gases, and sometimes work at high altitudes, underwater, and in small spaces; toxic gases, harmful dust, arc radiation, noise, and high-frequency electromagnetic fields are all harmful to the human body during welding. Haocheng was harmed. Industrial accidents such as explosions, fires, burns, poisoning, electric shocks, and falling from high altitudes may occur at the welding site. Welders may also suffer from various injuries during operation, causing occupational diseases such as blood, eyes, skin, and lungs. Welders belong to special operations personnel and are allowed to work independently only after they have passed safety training and passed the examination.
